언어학습법 TPR(Total Physical Response-전신반응교수법)(영문)
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1. BACKGROUND
2. APPROACH: Theory of Language and Learning
1) The Innate Bio-Program
2) Brain Lateralization
3) Reduction of Stress (Affective Filter)
3. DESIGN
1) Objectives
2) The syllabus
3) Learning activities
4) Roles of learners
5) Roles of teachers
6) Roles of materials
4. PROCEDURE (Sample Lecture)
5. REFERENCE
- 본문내용
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2) Brain Lateralization
The left brain can be described as logical, one-track, and cynical. It is used when analyzing, talking, discussing, and so on. The right brain is used when moving, acting, using metaphor, drawing, pointing, and so on.
When language is taught by lecturing or explaining, the cynical left brain is targeted and the information is kept in short term memory (if at all). It is soon forgotten as it never becomes “real” to the student. However, when language is taught actively through movement, the right brain “believes” the information and retains it, in the same way that skills such as swimming or riding a bicycle are remembered long term.
Asher sees TPR as directed to right-brain learning, whereas most second language teaching methods are directed to left-brain learning. Asher holds that the child language learner acquires language through motor movement – a right-hemisphere activity. Right-hemisphere activities must occur before the left hemisphere can process language for production. Similarly, the adult should proceed to language mastery through right-hemisphere motor activities, while the left hemisphere watches and learns. When a sufficient amount of right-hemisphere learning has taken place, the left hemisphere will be triggered to produce language and to initiate other, more abstract language processes.
• analyzing
• critiquing
• discussing
• explaining
• talking
• telling
• acting
• drawing
• games
• gesturing
• metaphor
• physical movements
3) Reduction of Stress (Affective Filter)
Students learn more when they are relaxed. This is because the affective filter, a mental barrier between the students and the information, is raised when students are nervous or uncomfortable. When the affective filter is high, learners find it harder to understand, process, and remember information.
TPR helps reduce the affective filter because it is less threatening than traditional language activities. Students do not have to produce language. Mistakes are unimportant and easily (and painlessly) corrected by the teacher. Language is remembered easily and long-term.
3. DESIGN
1) Objectives
The objectives of Total Physical Response are to teach oral proficiency at a beginning level. And then ultimate aim is to use comprehension as a means to speaking. A TPR course aims to produce learners who are capable of an uninhibited communication that is intelligible to a native speaker. The goals must be attainable through the use of action-based drills in the imperative form.
2) The syllabus
TPR uses a sentence-based syllabus, with grammatical and lexical criteria being primary in selecting teaching items. And Total Physical Response requires initial attention to meaning rather than to the form of items. Grammar is taught inductively.
3) Learning activities
The major class room activities in Total Physical Response are imperative drills. Imperative drills are typically used to elicit physical actions and activity on the part of the learners. Other class room activities include role plays, and slide presentations. Role plays center on everyday situations, such as at the restaurant, bank, gas station or post office.
4) Roles of learners
The major roles of learners in Total Physical Response are listener and performer. They listen attentively and respond physically to commands given by the teacher. Learners are also expected to recognize and respond to novel combinations of previously taught items. They are required to produce novel combinations of their own.
- 참고문헌
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1) Learning Another Language Through Actions
(Brand-New 7th Edition-378 exciting pages)
By James J. Asher
It's like sitting in the front row of a TPR workshop!
- Demonstrates step-by-step how to apply TPR to help children and adults acquire another language without stress.
- More than 150 hours of classroom-tested TPR lessons - can be applied to any language.
- Behind the scenes look at how TRP was developed.
- Answers more than 100 of the most often asked questions about TPR.
2) Brain switching: Learning on the Right Side of the Brain
(2nd Edition, 308 pages)
By James J. Asher
- For fast, stress-free access to languages, mathematics, science and much, much more!
3) Super School of the 21st Century
By James J. Asher
- James J. Asher shows the magic of TPR can be applied to improve every feature of today's schools.
- Shows how to help your students learn anything fast in academics, sports or technology!
- Your students won't want to miss a single class!
- Appropriate for all languages and all ages.
4) The Weird and Wonderful World of Mathematical Mysteries:
(Conversations with famous scientists and mathematicians)
By James J. Asher
- Exclusive - new discovery published here for the first time solves a 2,000 year old mystery that baffled such famous people as Pythagoras, Euclid, Albert Einstein and Sir Isaac Newton. 200 PAGES.
- Dr. Asher successfully removed the fear of learning foreign languages with TPR.
Now he removes the fear of mathematics.
- Conversations with famous scientists and mathematicians reveal their secret strategy for making spectacular breakthroughs by playing with ideas on the right side of the brain.
- Dr. Asher demonstrates how anyone with the basic skills of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division can have a shot at world fame by finding hidden patterns in nature.
5) A Simplified Guide to Statistics for FL/ESL Students and Instructors
By James J. Asher
- Tips for organizing a successful master's thesis or doctoral dissertation
- A must for anyone developing a research project to explore children or adults learning another language
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