Chapter 7 - Truth, Knowledge and Belief
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Contents
1. Truth and Relativity
2. True for me, true for you
3. Truth, Value and Morality
4. Belief, Justification, and Truth
5. Justification without Arguments
6. Knowledge
7. Justification Failure
8. Knowledge and Rational Persuasiveness
9. Philosophical Directions
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However, the claim that all truth is truth-for-X might also be understood in accordance with the way that John manipulated the phrase in his dispute with Julie about astrology.
① Scorpios tend to be luckier than Libras.
② It is true that Scorpios tend to be luckier than Libras.
③ It is true for Julie that Scorpios tend to be luckier than Libras.
④ Julie believes that Scorpios tend to be luckier than Libras.
According to what we said about the word ‘true’ at the beginning of this chapter, ① and ② are necessarily equivalent. It is impossible for one of them to be true and the other false. However, according to the version of the relativity-myth, Julie’s utterance of ② is equivalent to ③, which is equivalent to ④. So according to myth, ② is equivalent to ④. But ④ is certainly not equivalent to ①. Thus, according to this version of myth, we would have to say that ② is not equivalent to ①. But that cannot be right, for that violates the actual, ordinary meaning of the word ‘true’.
There is no way to make satisfactory sense of the relativity-myth. So truth is not relative. Truth is objective, and the truth of a proposition is independent of our desiring or believing it to be true. To believe is to believe something to be true, but truth is not the same thing as belief. The aim of good reasoning and argument is to get at the truth, at the way the world is, irrespective of how people think or feel it to be.
3. Truth, Value and Morality
We may think the Values, which are central to moral issue, are relative to personal or cultural preferences because of the relativity of truth. However, the non-relativity of truth does not imply the non-relativity of value. It is easy to think disagreement over a value in this respect like that between Julie and John concerning chocolate versus vanilla ice cream. We cannot prove that moral relativism is false. But we can know that there is a good reason to resist moral relativism.
A terrible fascist regime murdered millions of people
On the grounds of race, religion or political beliefs.
Even simplistic relativist who desires to remain consistent with their relativist commitment would not insist the victims are nothing more than preferences. There can be truth of the matter and there can be different status. As we can see by this example it is possible to refute the relativist's moral arguments and to find a general principle that the relativist can accept.
4. Belief, Justification and Truth
There are four stances we can take towards a proposition. Believing it, not believing it, suspending judgement and not engaging with it. We may suspend judgement, because we find upon reflection that we lack sufficient evidence to make the judgement. This happens when we lack an argument either for or against the proposition that is rationally persuasive for us.
The world was created by an omnipotent and omniscient being.
Some people believe the proposition, others disbelieve it. And others are not sure whether or not to believe it. They have suspended judgement until they acquire sufficient evidence to support a belief in either way. However, we have to carefully designate suspended judgment. For example, when the children do not believe that proposition, it would not be accurate to say that they have suspended judgement. They would not have considered the issue or could not understand the claim, in reality.
There would be the case like we can make judgment although we have never heard of it or simply don't care about it. An argument, which assumes that someone who does not believe a proposition is the same that someone believes its negation, commits a version of the epistemic fallacy.
A belief of being true is a matter of its fitting the facts, not a
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